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An open sore on the clear front window of the eye, usually from infection, which threatens sight if it scars the cornea.
A corneal ulcer is an infected break in the cornea (bacteria, herpes, fungi, Acanthamoeba); pain, watering, photophobia and blurred vision; stains with fluorescein; hypopyon if severe; a scar over the pupil can blind.
Cataract
Clouding of the lens causing painless, progressive loss of vision.
Glaucoma
Optic-nerve damage, usually linked to raised intraocular pressure.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Microvascular damage to the retina from long-standing diabetes.
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva — the common 'red eye'.
Refractive Errors
The eye fails to focus light sharply on the retina.
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the retina from the underlying layer — an eye emergency.