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How the kidney concentrates urine.
Ascending limb pumps salt; ADH opens water channels to concentrate urine.
The Nephron & GFR
The functional unit of the kidney; GFR is the rate at which plasma is filtered.
Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
The hormonal cascade that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
Acid–Base Balance
How the body keeps arterial blood pH within a tight range (~7.35–7.45).
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus and Renin
A specialised structure in the kidney that senses blood pressure and salt, and releases renin to defend the circulation.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
The rate at which the kidneys filter fluid from the blood into the tubules, the best overall measure of kidney function.