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The changes in the heart, lungs, muscles and metabolism that let the body meet the greatly increased demand for oxygen and energy during exercise.
More demand, more delivery: heart rate and stroke volume raise cardiac output, blood shifts to muscle, the oxygen curve shifts right, and lactate covers the shortfall.
Body Fluid Compartments
How the body's total water is distributed between compartments.
Thermoregulation
The hypothalamic balance between heat gain and heat loss that holds core temperature steady, including during fever and exercise.
Membrane Transport
The ways substances cross the cell membrane, either downhill without energy or uphill using energy, which lets a cell control what enters and leaves.
The Resting Membrane Potential
The steady electrical voltage across the membrane of a resting cell, set up mainly by potassium, which nerve and muscle cells use as their starting point.
Normal Vital Signs and Physiological Values
The normal ranges of the body's key measurements, which act as a baseline against which illness is judged.