Access and tools
Seldinger technique (needle → guidewire → sheath/catheter) via common femoral artery (over the femoral head: avoids retroperitoneal bleed/pseudoaneurysm), radial, brachial, jugular, femoral vein. Embolic agents: temporary (gelatin sponge/Gelfoam: trauma, postpartum haemorrhage), permanent particles (PVA, microspheres: tumours, fibroids), coils (aneurysms, proximal arterial occlusion), liquid (cyanoacrylate glue, Onyx: AVMs), sclerosants (ethanol, sodium tetradecyl sulphate), drug‑eluting beads/Lipiodol (TACE), Y‑90 microspheres (radioembolisation).