The reasoning: likelihood ratios update odds
- LR+ = Se / (1 − Sp); LR− = (1 − Se) / Sp.
- Pre‑test odds = p/(1 − p) → post‑test odds = pre‑test odds × LR → post‑test probability = odds/(1 + odds).
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Part 3 · Epidemiology II — Trials, Bias, Causation and Screening
Same concept, other depth: Foundation →
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