Incomplete fractures
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Torus (buckle) | cortical buckling on the compression side, usually the distal radial metaphysis; stable; splint |
| Greenstick | one cortex broken (tension side), the other bent/buckled; may need to complete the fracture to reduce |
| Plastic bowing | bending without a fracture line (forearm) |
| Toddler's fracture | undisplaced spiral/oblique fracture of the distal tibial shaft in a newly walking child; may only show on oblique/follow‑up |