The reasoning: HAIs
Healthcare‑associated infection (HAI): an infection not present or incubating at admission, appearing ≥ 48 hours after admission (or within 30 days of surgery; 90 days for implants), or related to a healthcare visit. Common HAIs: CAUTI, CLABSI, VAP, SSI, C. difficile infection, nosocomial pneumonia, neonatal sepsis. Burden: in LMICs, HAI prevalence ≈ 10–15% of hospitalised patients (WHO), higher in ICUs; many are caused by multidrug‑resistant organisms (MRSA, ESBL, CRE, Acinetobacter).