Probability rules
- Complement: P(not A) = 1 − P(A).
- Addition: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B); for mutually exclusive events P(A ∩ B) = 0.
- Multiplication: P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B|A); = P(A) × P(B) only if independent.
- Conditional and Bayes: P(D|T+) = P(T+|D)P(D)/P(T+), which links sensitivity to PPV (Concept 25).