Epidemiology I — Measures and Observational Designs

Question 1

Mycobacterium tuberculosis in relation to tuberculosis disease is best described as:

Question 2

The web of causation model is most suited to explain:

Question 3

Which of the following is a true rate?

Question 4

In a household of six, one child develops measles. Of the five other members, two are already immune. Later, two of the remaining develop measles within the incubation period. The secondary attack rate is:

Question 5

Introduction of a drug that prolongs life without curing a chronic disease will:

Question 6

In 2,000 person‑years of follow‑up, 40 new cases occur. The incidence rate is:

Question 7

The standardised mortality ratio is calculated as:

Question 8

Indirect standardisation is preferred over direct standardisation when:

Question 9

An epidemic curve showing successive peaks separated by roughly one incubation period suggests:

Question 10

The long‑term rise in diabetes prevalence in India over three decades is an example of:

Question 11

The main limitation of a cross‑sectional study in establishing causation is:

Question 12

Concluding that individuals who eat more salt get strokes because states with high salt sales have high stroke rates is an example of:

Question 13

In a case‑control study, 60 of 100 cases and 30 of 100 controls were exposed. The odds ratio is:

Question 14

The bias most characteristic of case‑control studies is:

Question 15

The odds ratio from a case‑control study approximates the relative risk when:

Question 16

A historical (retrospective) cohort study:

Question 17

The healthy worker effect leads to:

Question 18

Incidence in the exposed is 40 per 1,000 and in the unexposed 10 per 1,000. The attributable fraction among the exposed is:

Question 19

Attack rate is 5% in the vaccinated and 20% in the unvaccinated. Vaccine efficacy is:

Question 20

The measure most useful to a policy‑maker deciding how much disease would be prevented by removing an exposure from the whole population is: