The reasoning: name both sides of every wall
- Airflow requires Palv − Pao ≠ 0.
- Lung distension depends on transpulmonary pressure Ptp = Palv − Ppl.
- At FRC (no flow): Palv = 0, Ppl ≈ −5 cmH₂O, Ptp ≈ +5 — lung inward recoil balanced by chest‑wall outward recoil.