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❤️ Physiology · Part 4 revision hub
Everything you need to revise this Part in one place — the one‑page note for every concept, a rapid‑revision sheet, exam‑style questions that point you back to the right concept, flashcards, staged cases and viva practice.
Every concept in this Part as a one‑page handwritten note. Open one to read it in full and zoom.
Concept 32
The Gut's Own Brain and Messengers
Concept 33
Saliva and Swallowing
Concept 34
Stomach Acid and Its Brakes
Concept 35
The Pancreas: enzymes and bicarbonate
Concept 36
The Liver and Bile
Concept 37
Digestion and Absorption
Concept 38
Gut Muscle and Its Rhythm
Concept 39
Stomach Movements, Emptying and Vomiting
Concept 40
Moving Through the Intestine
Concept 41
When Motility Fails
The whole Part on one screen — read it the night before.
Pick an answer to see the explanation — and the concept to revisit if you missed it. Your answers are saved on this device.
Question 1
Which hormone is released in response to acid in the duodenum?
Question 2
A patient on long‑term PPI therapy has a raised fasting gastrin. The most likely explanation is:
Question 3
Final saliva at low flow rate is:
Question 4
The parotid gland's parasympathetic supply travels with which nerve?
Question 5
H₂ blockers reduce gastrin‑stimulated acid secretion mainly because:
Question 6
The alkaline tide after a meal results from:
Question 7
NSAIDs cause peptic ulcers principally by:
Question 8
Which enzyme initiates activation of pancreatic proteases?
Question 9
The best non‑invasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is:
Question 10
The rate‑limiting enzyme of bile acid synthesis is:
Question 11
An INR that normalises after IV vitamin K suggests:
Question 12
Glucose is absorbed across the apical enterocyte membrane by:
Question 13
Stool Na⁺ 30 and K⁺ 20 mmol/L. The stool osmotic gap is:
Question 14
Absorbed long‑chain fatty acids reach the circulation mainly via:
Question 15
The pacemaker cells of the GI tract are:
Question 16
Slow‑wave frequency in the human stomach is approximately:
Question 17
Prolonged vomiting typically produces:
Question 18
Ondansetron prevents chemotherapy‑induced vomiting by blocking:
Question 19
Absence of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in a neonate with distension suggests:
Question 20
Dysphagia to both solids and liquids from onset, with absent peristalsis and failed LES relaxation, is characteristic of:
Say the answer out loud before you flip. Shuffle once you know the order.
Read the presentation, decide what is going on and what you would do — then reveal the reasoning.
Stage A: A 45‑year‑old has recurrent duodenal and jejunal ulcers despite H. pylori eradication, plus chronic diarrhoea. Fasting gastrin is 1,200 pg/mL.
Linked concepts: 32. The Gut's Own Brain and Messengers, 34. Stomach Acid and Its Brakes
Stage A: A 52‑year‑old with heavy alcohol use has bulky, pale, foul stools that float, weight loss and new diabetes.
Linked concepts: 35. The Pancreas: enzymes and bicarbonate, 37. Digestion and Absorption
Stage A: A man with Crohn disease has watery diarrhoea after resection of 60 cm of terminal ileum.
Linked concepts: 36. The Liver and Bile, 37. Digestion and Absorption
Stage A: A 35‑year‑old has two years of progressive dysphagia to solids and liquids, night‑time regurgitation of undigested food and mild weight loss.
Linked concepts: 41. When Motility Fails, 33. Saliva and Swallowing
Answer aloud as if an examiner asked you — then check the model points.
Name the plexuses of the enteric nervous system and their functions.
List the GI hormones with their stimuli and actions.
Why is saliva hypotonic?
Describe the stages of deglutition.
Describe the mechanism of HCl secretion.
What are the phases of gastric secretion?
How is the gastric mucosa protected?
How does the pancreas avoid autodigestion?
What is the enterohepatic circulation?
Describe fat digestion and absorption.
Where are iron, folate and B12 absorbed?
What are slow waves?
What controls gastric emptying?
What is the MMC?
Describe the defecation reflex.
Educational only — not a substitute for clinical judgement, supervision, or local guidelines.