Pulmonary venous hypertension (PCWP orientation)
| PCWP (mmHg) | Radiographic stage |
|---|---|
| 13–18 | upper lobe venous diversion (cephalisation) |
| 18–25 | interstitial oedema: Kerley B lines (1–2 cm, basal, perpendicular to pleura), Kerley A lines (central, oblique), peribronchial cuffing, perihilar haze, subpleural/fissural thickening |
| > 25 | alveolar oedema: perihilar bat‑wing, air bronchograms; effusions (right > bilateral) |