Procedures
| Procedure | Technique | Indications (2026 role) |
|---|---|---|
| IVU | control KUB → IV iodinated contrast → immediate nephrogram (cortex) → 5‑min (PCS, ureters) → 15‑min (± compression, prone for ureters) → full bladder → post‑void | historical; largely replaced by CT urography; still useful for duplex anatomy where CT unavailable |
| CT urography | unenhanced + nephrographic + excretory phase (~10–15 min), split‑bolus option | haematuria (urothelial carcinoma, stones, masses), congenital anatomy, injury |
| MR urography | static T2 / excretory | pregnancy, children, contrast allergy |
| MCU (VCUG) | bladder catheterised, filled with contrast, imaged during voiding (oblique views of the urethra) | VUR, posterior urethral valves, recurrent UTI in children, neurogenic bladder, diverticula; contrast voiding urosonography (CEUS) is a radiation‑free alternative |
| RGU | contrast via the external urethral meatus (Foley balloon in the fossa navicularis), oblique | anterior urethra (penile + bulbar): strictures, urethral injury (pelvic fracture, straddle injury), fistula; the normal narrowing at the membranous urethra |
| RGP | ureteric catheter at cystoscopy | ureter/PCS when CTU non‑diagnostic or contrast‑contraindicated, ureteric TCC/stricture; invasive |
| Antegrade pyelography | via nephrostomy | obstruction, leaks |
| Loopogram | ileal conduit | — |