Bladder
| Entity | Imaging |
|---|---|
| Urothelial carcinoma (commonest bladder malignancy; painless haematuria, smokers) | polypoid/sessile enhancing mass or focal wall thickening (lateral walls, trigone); CT urography + cystoscopy (gold standard); mpMRI with VI‑RADS for muscle invasion; filling defect fixed in position (vs mobile stone/clot) |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | schistosomiasis (bladder wall calcification), chronic catheter/stones |
| Adenocarcinoma | urachal remnant (dome, calcification), bladder exstrophy |
| Bladder stones | mobile, dependent; jackstone |
| Neurogenic bladder | pine‑tree / Christmas‑tree bladder (elongated, trabeculated), diverticula, VUR |
| Bladder outlet obstruction | trabeculation, sacculation, diverticula, thick wall, post‑void residual |
| Schistosomiasis | eggshell wall calcification |
| Cystitis | wall thickening; emphysematous cystitis (gas in wall: diabetics) |