| Housefly (Musca domestica) | Mechanical: typhoid, cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, trachoma, conjunctivitis, polio (historical), helminth eggs | Environmental sanitation (refuse, manure management), fly‑proofing; insecticides limited |
| Sandfly (Phlebotomus argentipes) | Kala‑azar, PKDL; (other species) cutaneous leishmaniasis, sandfly fever | IRS (to 6 ft, as sandflies are weak low fliers), plastering cracks, cattle shed management; very susceptible to insecticides |
| Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis, X. astia, X. brasiliensis) | Plague, murine typhus, Hymenolepis | Insecticide dusting of rat burrows before rodent control (to avoid fleas leaving dead rats for humans); flea indices |
| Human louse (Pediculus humanus corporis, capitis; Pthirus pubis) | Epidemic typhus (R. prowazekii), trench fever, louse‑borne relapsing fever | Personal hygiene, delousing (permethrin), laundering clothes at high temperature |
| Hard tick (Ixodidae; Haemaphysalis spinigera, Hyalomma) | KFD, Indian tick typhus, CCHF, tularaemia, tick paralysis | Repellents, protective clothing, acaricides |
| Soft tick (Argasidae; Ornithodoros) | Tick‑borne relapsing fever | Housing improvement |
| Trombiculid mite (Leptotrombidium deliense): larval "chigger" | Scrub typhus (O. tsutsugamushi); transovarial transmission in mites | Clear scrub, protective clothing, repellents (DEET), early doxycycline; "mite islands" |
| Itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) | Scabies (Norwegian/crusted in immunosuppressed) | Permethrin 5%, ivermectin; treat all contacts simultaneously; wash bedding |
| Cyclops | Dracunculiasis (eradicated from India, certified 2000), fish tapeworm, Gnathostoma | Filtering water, temephos |
| Reduviid bug | Chagas disease (Americas) | Housing |