Who to image
NEXUS (no imaging if all five: no midline tenderness, no focal deficit, normal alertness, no intoxication, no painful distracting injury) or Canadian C‑spine rule (high‑risk: age ≥ 65, dangerous mechanism, paraesthesia → image). CT = IOC in adults (sensitivity ~98–100%); radiographs (lateral, AP, open‑mouth peg) only in low‑risk adults or children. MRI: neurological deficit, ligamentous/disc injury, cord injury, SCIWORA, obtunded patients (per protocol).